William Shakespeare, m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino m'mabuku a Chingerezi, amadziwika osati kokha ndi luso lake lolemba masewero ndi ndakatulo komanso chifukwa cha zopereka zake zodabwitsa ku chilankhulo cha Chingerezi. Anapanga kapena kutchuka ndi mawu pafupifupi 1,700 ndi mawu osawerengeka omwe tsopano ndi ofala. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mawu ndi ziganizo zodabwitsa zomwe Shakespeare adayambitsa, kusonyeza kumveka bwino, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kufunika kwake m'chinenero chamakono.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Zotsatira za Kulengedwa kwa Mawu
Ngakhale kuti pali olemba ambiri m'mbiri yonse, ochepa okha ndi omwe adakhudza chilankhulo monga momwe Shakespeare adachitira. Luso lake lopanga mawu atsopano nthawi zambiri limachokera ku kufunika kofotokoza bwino. Kufunika kumeneku kunamupangitsa kuphatikiza mawu omwe analipo kale m'njira zatsopano kapena kupanga atsopano kotheratu. Funso limabuka: Kodi zatsopano za Shakespeare zinasintha bwanji Chingerezi chamakono?
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mawu akuti “diso.” Shakespeare asanatchule mawuwa mu Maloto Ausiku A pakati pa Chilimwe, panalibe liwu limodzi lokha lotanthauza mawonekedwe a thupi. Liwulo limabweretsa chithunzi chomveka bwino ndipo limagwira ntchito bwino pokambirana mwachisawawa komanso mwasayansi. Aliyense amene akukambirana za chisamaliro cha maso, zamoyo, kapena kulemba ndakatulo zokhudza chikondi akhoza kulumikiza nkhaniyi mosavuta mu zokambirana.
Mawu Opangidwa
Kupha
Mawu akuti “kupha munthu” anayamba kuonekera m’mabuku a Shakespeare. Macbeth, akunena za kukwera kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu kudzera mu chiwawa chokonzekera. Liwu lokhalo limapereka chinyengo ndi kuopsa komwe kupha wamba sikungathe kukhudza. Masiku ano, likhoza kutanthauza kupha munthu wotchuka, kugogomezera cholinga choipa chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa chochitikacho.
Zamakhalidwe
Shakespeare ndiye anayambitsa mawu oti "mafashoni" mu Troilus ndi CressidaMawu amodzi awa akuphatikizapo chikhalidwe chamakono chozungulira mafashoni ndi masitayelo. Amalowa mosavuta m'makambirano a tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yowonjezera bwino pa mawu athu pokambirana zomwe zili "mkati" kapena "kunja" pakadali pano.
Kusamuka
Shakespeare ndiye anayamba kufalitsa verebu lakuti “dislocate.” Analigwiritsa ntchito mu Hamlet kufotokoza chinthu chosafunikira. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawuwa masiku ano kamayambira pa kukambirana za kuvulala kwakuthupi mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mophiphiritsira muubwenzi kapena mapulojekiti omwe amasokonekera.
Zambirimbiri
"Multitudinous," yomwe Shakespeare adayambitsa Macbeth, amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa chinthu, kutanthauza kukula komwe n'kovuta kuwerengera. Mungamve izi m'makambirano okhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kasamalidwe ka zinthu—kutanthauza kuchuluka komwe “ambiri” sangathe kukulanda.
Mawu Okopa
Phwanyani Ice
Shakespeare adatchukitsa mawu oti "kuswa ayezi" mu Kulamulira kwa Nkhono. Poyamba, linkatanthauza kuswa madzi ozizira kuti maboti adutse. Masiku ano, limatanthauza kuyambitsa kukambirana pamalo ochezera. Mungamve likunenedwa pa maphwando: “Tiyeni tisewere masewera oswa ayezi!”
Kuthamangitsa atsekwe akuthengo
Mawu oti "kuthamangitsa agalu akuthengo" adachokera mu Romeo ndi Juliet. Limafotokoza za ntchito kapena ntchito yopanda phindu. Tangoganizirani wophunzira akufufuza ntchito yake yomwe yasowa, koma akupeza kuti sanaisunge pa kompyuta yake. Imeneyo ndi ntchito ya masiku ano yothamangitsa anthu.
Moyo wa golidi
Shakespeare anagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “mtima wa golide” mu Henry V pofotokoza munthu wachifundo komanso wopatsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake nthawi zonse kukuwonetsa zovuta za kukoma mtima ndi ubwino m'gulu. Mungatchule mnzanu amene nthawi zonse amadzipereka kuti ndi munthu wokhala ndi mtima wagolide, kusonyeza ubwino wa mawuwa m'moyo wamakono.
Dziko lonse lapansi ndi siteji
Mawu otchuka ochokera ku Monga Mukukonda—“Dziko lonse lapansi ndi siteji”—likumvekabe mpaka pano. Mawu awa akusonyeza lingaliro lakuti moyo umadalira kuchita bwino. Maganizo amenewa nthawi zambiri amayambitsa zokambirana za momwe anthu amagwirizanirana kukhala oona mtima ndi kuchitira ena zinthu m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Gwiritsani-22
Ngakhale kuti poyamba Shakespeare sanalemberedwe, n’zosangalatsa kuganizira momwe kalembedwe kake kanathandizira mawu monga “Catch-22,” omwe adatchuka m’mabuku a pambuyo pake. Lingaliro la chododometsa kapena vuto ndi chinthu chomwe Shakespeare ankachifufuza kawirikawiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawu ake akale akhale othandiza m’mikhalidwe yamakono yomwe imakambirana zopinga ndi zinthu zopanda pake.
Chifukwa Chake Chilankhulo cha Shakespeare Chimapitirira
Chilankhulo cha Shakespeare chimalimba chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake komanso kuzama kwake. Kutha kwake kufotokoza malingaliro ndi zochitika zovuta m'mawu ochepa kumapangitsa kuti mawu ake akhale olimba komanso ogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, tikamakambirana za munthu "ndi mtima wolemera," timatha kumvetsetsa momwe akumvera popanda kufotokoza zambiri.
Komanso, kusinthasintha kwa mawu ndi ziganizo zimenezi kumawathandiza kupitirira nthawi. Aphunzitsi akamakambirana za kufunika kwa Shakespeare m'makalasi, ophunzira nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mawu amenewa. Kuwonekera kumeneku kumalimbitsa kupezeka kwawo mu lexicon ya chikhalidwe.
Zosintha Zamakono
Anthu nthawi zambiri amasinthira mawu a Shakespeare kukhala mawu oyenera makambirano amakono. Achinyamata anganene kuti, “Phwando limenelo linali lamisala,” pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa chisokonezo chomwe Shakespeare ankakonda kufotokoza. Sikuti amangopereka mawu atsopano komanso amakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kusinthasintha.
Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza mawu a Shakespeare ndi zithunzi, kusakaniza chilankhulo chakale ndi zomwe zili m'nkhani zamakono. Meme yokhala ndi mawu akuti "kuswa ayezi" imagwiritsa ntchito miyambo pamene ikugwirizana ndi zizolowezi za anthu masiku ano. Kuphatikizana kwa chilankhulochi kukuwonetsa momwe mawu amasinthira pakapita nthawi.
Literary References
M'mabuku amakono, olemba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu a Shakespeare kuti awonjezere nkhani zawo. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba mabuku angaphatikizepo munthu woyamikiridwa chifukwa cha "mtima wake wagolide" kuti akope chikondi kapena kusilira. Bukuli limagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthuyo ndi wowerenga azigwirizana nthawi yomweyo.
Olemba amabwerekanso mawu a Shakespearean kuti apereke tanthauzo kapena zovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito "kuthamangitsana ndi agalu akuthengo" kungayambitse nthabwala ngakhale m'nkhani zovuta, kusiyanitsa mitu komanso kukulitsa kukopa. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chilankhulo cha Shakespeare kungasonyeze zolinga za anthu kapena kuwonetsa ndemanga za anthu m'nkhani zamakono.
Zokambirana za Mkalasi
Aphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amakambirana ndi ophunzira za mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe Shakespeare analenga. Pofufuza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, aphunzitsi angathandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito. Ntchito ingaphatikizepo ophunzira kupanga ziganizo pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo za Shakespeare. Ntchitoyi imalimbikitsa ophunzira kuzindikira kufunika kwa mbiri yakale komanso kufunika kwa mawuwa masiku ano.
Mu kalasi imodzi, mphunzitsi akhoza kugawa ophunzira m'magulu kuti afufuze mawu osiyanasiyana. Gulu lililonse limayang'ana kwambiri pa mawu enaake, kukambirana za momwe analili poyamba, ndikupanga momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano kuti agwiritse ntchito. Kugwirizana kumeneku sikungolimbitsa matanthauzo awo komanso kuwapatsa ophunzira zida zowongolera luso lawo lolankhula bwino polemba ndi kukambirana.
Zina Zowonjezera
Anthu ambiri amaona kuti William Shakespeare ndiye amene anayambitsa mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe zimamvekabe mpaka pano. Nazi mfundo zina zosangalatsa zokhudza zomwe anachita pa nkhani ya Chingerezi:
- Kupha: Mawu akuti “kupha munthu” anayamba kuonekera mu sewero la Shakespeare lakuti “Macbeth.” Limafotokoza za kupha munthu pazifukwa zandale. Iye asanakhalepo, panalibe liwu lenileni la chochitika choipachi.
- Kuthamangitsidwa: Shakespeare ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti “bedazzled” mu “The Taming of the Shrew.” Mawuwa amatanthauza zokongoletsera zokongola zomwe zingasiye munthu wodabwa.
- Chilombo cha maso obiriwiraMawu akuti “chilombo chobiriwira maso,” ponena za nsanje, amachokera ku “Othello.” Ndi njira yomveka bwino yojambulira malingaliro omwe angakhudze munthu.
- Lonely: Mawu akuti “kusungulumwa” anayamba kuonekera mu buku la Shakespeare lakuti “Coriolanus.” Mosiyana ndi mawu ena akale, mawuwa amatanthauza kudzipatula komwe anthu angakumvetsereni masiku ano.
- Amazemba: Shakespeare anayambitsa “kubisala” mu “Hamlet.” Limafotokoza za kuyenda mobisa, ndipo tsopano ndi mawu ofala kwa munthu amene amayendayenda pazifukwa zosamveka bwino.
- mlendo: Mawu oti “mlendo” anatchuka ndi Shakespeare mu “Henry IV.” Ngakhale kuti analipo kale, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kunathandiza kukhazikitsa mawuwa monga momwe timawamvetsetsera masiku ano, ponena za munthu wolandiridwa m'nyumba ya wina.
- Puking: Mu "Henry IV," Shakespeare anagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "puke" kuti awonjezere tsatanetsatane womveka bwino pa chochitika chomwe aliyense amachizindikira, koma palibe amene amasangalala nacho.
- bwana: Mawu akuti “manager” monga momwe tikudziwira masiku ano anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Shakespeare mu “A Midsummer Night’s Dream.” Mawu amenewa akufotokoza mwanzeru tanthauzo la munthu amene ali ndi udindo wotsogolera kapena kukonza zochitika.
- Watsopano: Mawu oseketsa awa adawonekera mu "The Merry Wives of Windsor," akuseka malingaliro atsopano kapena zochitika zomwe anthu nthawi zina amaziona mokayikira.
- zani: Poyamba kuchokera ku munthu wa mu "Love's Labour's Lost," "zany" amatanthauza munthu wopusa kapena wopusa kwambiri. Kukongola kwake kwachilendo kwamuthandiza kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri) Okhudzana ndi Mawu ndi Ziganizo Zomwe Shakespeare Anapanga
Q. Kodi ndi mawu ati omwe Shakespeare adapanga?
A. Shakespeare anayambitsa mawu ambiri mu Chingerezi, kuphatikizapo “kupha,” “chipinda chogona,” ndi “chisoni.”
Q. Kodi Shakespeare ndiye anayambitsadi mawu oti “kuswa ayezi”?
A. Inde, Shakespeare anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “break the ice” mu “The Taming of the Shrew,” ponena za kugonjetsa zopinga za anthu.
Q. Kodi mawu oti “mtima wagolide” amatanthauza chiyani?
A. Shakespeare ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti “mtima wagolide” mu “Henry V” pofotokoza munthu wachifundo komanso wopatsa.
Q. Kodi ndi zoona kuti Shakespeare ndiye anayambitsa mawu oti “diso”?
A. Inde, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito “diso” mu “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” kusonyeza luso lake lolemba mawu olenga.
Q. Kodi mawu oti “kuthamangitsa agalu akuthengo” anachokera kuti?
A. Mawu awa adatchuka ndi Shakespeare mu "Romeo ndi Juliet," pofotokoza kufunafuna kopanda phindu.
Q. Kodi Shakespeare anathandizira pa mawu akuti “mu pickle”?
A. Inde, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu awa mu “Mphepo Yamkuntho,” kutanthauza kukhala mu mkhalidwe wovuta kapena wovuta.
Q. Nanga bwanji mawu oti “chilombo chobiriwira”?
A. Shakespeare anayambitsa mawu awa mu “Othello” pofotokoza nsanje, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ikhale yosaiwalika.
Q. Nanga bwanji za "muzu wa nkhaniyi"?
A. Mawu awa akupezeka mu "Hamlet," kutanthauza tanthauzo kapena maziko a nkhani.
Q. Kodi mawu akuti “mafashoni” ndi omwe Shakespeare anayambitsa?
A. Inde, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “fashionable” mu “Troilus ndi Cressida,” kusonyeza momwe ankaonera zinthu mwachidwi.
Q. Kodi Shakespeare anabwera ndi mawu akuti “chikondi ndi chakhungu”?
A. Inde, mawu awa akupezeka mu "Wogulitsa wa ku Venice," akupereka lingaliro lakuti chikondi chimanyalanyaza zolakwa.
Kutsiliza
Mphamvu ya Shakespeare pa chilankhulo cha Chingerezi ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri. Mzimu wake wopanga zinthu unayambitsa mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe tikugwiritsabe ntchito mpaka pano. Kuyambira "diso" mpaka "kuswa ayezi," luso lake silinangowonjezera mawu athu komanso linapanga momwe timadzifotokozera. Kumbukirani, nthawi ina mukagwiritsa ntchito limodzi mwa mawu awa, mudzakhala mukugwiritsa ntchito cholowa chomwe chakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, landirani mphatso za Shakespeare za chilankhulo ndikupitiliza kufufuza dziko la mawu okongola lomwe adatisiyira!
